SELECT 查询是如何执行的。为了便于说明，先在 ClickHouse 的一个表中添加一些数据：
CREATE TABLE session_events(
clientId UUID,
sessionId UUID,
pageId UUID,
timestamp DateTime,
type String
) ORDER BY (timestamp);
INSERT INTO session_events SELECT * FROM generateRandom('clientId UUID,
sessionId UUID,
pageId UUID,
timestamp DateTime,
type Enum(\'type1\', \'type2\')', 1, 10, 2) LIMIT 1000;
EXPLAIN 查询进行分析和故障排查。下图概括了这些步骤：
下面我们来看这些环节在查询执行过程中是如何工作的。我们将选取几个查询，然后使用 EXPLAIN 语句来分析它们。
解析器
EXPLAIN AST 直观地展示这一步骤：
EXPLAIN AST SELECT min(timestamp), max(timestamp) FROM session_events;
┌─explain────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SelectWithUnionQuery (children 1) │
│ ExpressionList (children 1) │
│ SelectQuery (children 2) │
│ ExpressionList (children 2) │
│ Function min (alias minimum_date) (children 1) │
│ ExpressionList (children 1) │
│ Identifier timestamp │
│ Function max (alias maximum_date) (children 1) │
│ ExpressionList (children 1) │
│ Identifier timestamp │
│ TablesInSelectQuery (children 1) │
│ TablesInSelectQueryElement (children 1) │
│ TableExpression (children 1) │
│ TableIdentifier session_events │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Analyzer
enable_analyzer=0 使用旧架构。新架构默认启用。由于旧架构会在新 analyzer 正式可用后被弃用，这里我们只介绍新架构。
新架构应当能提供一个更好的框架，帮助提升 ClickHouse 的性能。不过，由于它是查询处理流程中的基础组件，也可能会对某些查询产生负面影响，并且存在一些已知的不兼容问题。你可以在查询级别或用户级别修改
enable_analyzer 设置，切换回旧 analyzer。EXPLAIN QUERY TREE passes=0 SELECT min(timestamp) AS minimum_date, max(timestamp) AS maximum_date FROM session_events SETTINGS allow_experimental_analyzer=1;
┌─explain────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ QUERY id: 0 │
│ PROJECTION │
│ LIST id: 1, nodes: 2 │
│ FUNCTION id: 2, alias: minimum_date, function_name: min, function_type: ordinary │
│ ARGUMENTS │
│ LIST id: 3, nodes: 1 │
│ IDENTIFIER id: 4, identifier: timestamp │
│ FUNCTION id: 5, alias: maximum_date, function_name: max, function_type: ordinary │
│ ARGUMENTS │
│ LIST id: 6, nodes: 1 │
│ IDENTIFIER id: 7, identifier: timestamp │
│ JOIN TREE │
│ IDENTIFIER id: 8, identifier: session_events │
│ SETTINGS allow_experimental_analyzer=1 │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
EXPLAIN QUERY TREE passes=20 SELECT min(timestamp) AS minimum_date, max(timestamp) AS maximum_date FROM session_events SETTINGS allow_experimental_analyzer=1;
┌─explain───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ QUERY id: 0 │
│ PROJECTION COLUMNS │
│ minimum_date DateTime │
│ maximum_date DateTime │
│ PROJECTION │
│ LIST id: 1, nodes: 2 │
│ FUNCTION id: 2, function_name: min, function_type: aggregate, result_type: DateTime │
│ ARGUMENTS │
│ LIST id: 3, nodes: 1 │
│ COLUMN id: 4, column_name: timestamp, result_type: DateTime, source_id: 5 │
│ FUNCTION id: 6, function_name: max, function_type: aggregate, result_type: DateTime │
│ ARGUMENTS │
│ LIST id: 7, nodes: 1 │
│ COLUMN id: 4, column_name: timestamp, result_type: DateTime, source_id: 5 │
│ JOIN TREE │
│ TABLE id: 5, alias: __table1, table_name: default.session_events │
│ SETTINGS allow_experimental_analyzer=1 │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
规划器
EXPLAIN PLAN 或 EXPLAIN 来查看查询计划 (EXPLAIN 会执行 EXPLAIN PLAN) 。
EXPLAIN PLAN WITH
(
SELECT count(*)
FROM session_events
) AS total_rows
SELECT type, min(timestamp) AS minimum_date, max(timestamp) AS maximum_date, count(*) /total_rows * 100 AS percentage FROM session_events GROUP BY type
┌─explain──────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Expression ((Projection + Before ORDER BY)) │
│ Aggregating │
│ Expression (Before GROUP BY) │
│ ReadFromMergeTree (default.session_events) │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
EXPLAIN header = 1
WITH (
SELECT count(*)
FROM session_events
) AS total_rows
SELECT
type,
min(timestamp) AS minimum_date,
max(timestamp) AS maximum_date,
(count(*) / total_rows) * 100 AS percentage
FROM session_events
GROUP BY type
┌─explain──────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Expression ((Projection + Before ORDER BY)) │
│ Header: type String │
│ minimum_date DateTime │
│ maximum_date DateTime │
│ percentage Nullable(Float64) │
│ Aggregating │
│ Header: type String │
│ min(timestamp) DateTime │
│ max(timestamp) DateTime │
│ count() UInt64 │
│ Expression (Before GROUP BY) │
│ Header: timestamp DateTime │
│ type String │
│ ReadFromMergeTree (default.session_events) │
│ Header: timestamp DateTime │
│ type String │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
minimum_date、maximum_date 和 percentage) ，但你可能还想查看所有待执行操作的详细信息。你可以通过设置 actions=1 来实现。
EXPLAIN actions = 1
WITH (
SELECT count(*)
FROM session_events
) AS total_rows
SELECT
type,
min(timestamp) AS minimum_date,
max(timestamp) AS maximum_date,
(count(*) / total_rows) * 100 AS percentage
FROM session_events
GROUP BY type
┌─explain────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Expression ((Projection + Before ORDER BY)) │
│ Actions: INPUT :: 0 -> type String : 0 │
│ INPUT : 1 -> min(timestamp) DateTime : 1 │
│ INPUT : 2 -> max(timestamp) DateTime : 2 │
│ INPUT : 3 -> count() UInt64 : 3 │
│ COLUMN Const(Nullable(UInt64)) -> total_rows Nullable(UInt64) : 4 │
│ COLUMN Const(UInt8) -> 100 UInt8 : 5 │
│ ALIAS min(timestamp) :: 1 -> minimum_date DateTime : 6 │
│ ALIAS max(timestamp) :: 2 -> maximum_date DateTime : 1 │
│ FUNCTION divide(count() :: 3, total_rows :: 4) -> divide(count(), total_rows) Nullable(Float64) : 2 │
│ FUNCTION multiply(divide(count(), total_rows) :: 2, 100 :: 5) -> multiply(divide(count(), total_rows), 100) Nullable(Float64) : 4 │
│ ALIAS multiply(divide(count(), total_rows), 100) :: 4 -> percentage Nullable(Float64) : 5 │
│ Positions: 0 6 1 5 │
│ Aggregating │
│ Keys: type │
│ Aggregates: │
│ min(timestamp) │
│ Function: min(DateTime) → DateTime │
│ Arguments: timestamp │
│ max(timestamp) │
│ Function: max(DateTime) → DateTime │
│ Arguments: timestamp │
│ count() │
│ Function: count() → UInt64 │
│ Arguments: none │
│ Skip merging: 0 │
│ Expression (Before GROUP BY) │
│ Actions: INPUT :: 0 -> timestamp DateTime : 0 │
│ INPUT :: 1 -> type String : 1 │
│ Positions: 0 1 │
│ ReadFromMergeTree (default.session_events) │
│ ReadType: Default │
│ Parts: 1 │
│ Granules: 1 │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
查询管道
EXPLAIN PIPELINE
WITH (
SELECT count(*)
FROM session_events
) AS total_rows
SELECT
type,
min(timestamp) AS minimum_date,
max(timestamp) AS maximum_date,
(count(*) / total_rows) * 100 AS percentage
FROM session_events
GROUP BY type;
┌─explain────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ (Expression) │
│ ExpressionTransform × 2 │
│ (Aggregating) │
│ Resize 1 → 2 │
│ AggregatingTransform │
│ (Expression) │
│ ExpressionTransform │
│ (ReadFromMergeTree) │
│ MergeTreeSelect(pool: PrefetchedReadPool, algorithm: Thread) 0 → 1 │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
graph 设置为 1，并将输出格式指定为 TSV：
EXPLAIN PIPELINE graph=1 WITH
(
SELECT count(*)
FROM session_events
) AS total_rows
SELECT type, min(timestamp) AS minimum_date, max(timestamp) AS maximum_date, count(*) /total_rows * 100 AS percentage FROM session_events GROUP BY type FORMAT TSV;
digraph
{
rankdir="LR";
{ node [shape = rect]
subgraph cluster_0 {
label ="Expression";
style=filled;
color=lightgrey;
node [style=filled,color=white];
{ rank = same;
n5 [label="ExpressionTransform × 2"];
}
}
subgraph cluster_1 {
label ="Aggregating";
style=filled;
color=lightgrey;
node [style=filled,color=white];
{ rank = same;
n3 [label="AggregatingTransform"];
n4 [label="Resize"];
}
}
subgraph cluster_2 {
label ="Expression";
style=filled;
color=lightgrey;
node [style=filled,color=white];
{ rank = same;
n2 [label="ExpressionTransform"];
}
}
subgraph cluster_3 {
label ="ReadFromMergeTree";
style=filled;
color=lightgrey;
node [style=filled,color=white];
{ rank = same;
n1 [label="MergeTreeSelect(pool: PrefetchedReadPool, algorithm: Thread)"];
}
}
}
n3 -> n4 [label=""];
n4 -> n5 [label="× 2"];
n2 -> n3 [label=""];
n1 -> n2 [label=""];
}
x 后跟的数字表示当前使用的输入/输出数量。如果不希望以紧凑形式显示，可以添加 compact=0：
EXPLAIN PIPELINE graph = 1, compact = 0
WITH (
SELECT count(*)
FROM session_events
) AS total_rows
SELECT
type,
min(timestamp) AS minimum_date,
max(timestamp) AS maximum_date,
(count(*) / total_rows) * 100 AS percentage
FROM session_events
GROUP BY type
FORMAT TSV
digraph
{
rankdir="LR";
{ node [shape = rect]
n0[label="MergeTreeSelect(pool: PrefetchedReadPool, algorithm: Thread)"];
n1[label="ExpressionTransform"];
n2[label="AggregatingTransform"];
n3[label="Resize"];
n4[label="ExpressionTransform"];
n5[label="ExpressionTransform"];
}
n0 -> n1;
n1 -> n2;
n2 -> n3;
n3 -> n4;
n3 -> n5;
}
INSERT INTO session_events SELECT * FROM generateRandom('clientId UUID,
sessionId UUID,
pageId UUID,
timestamp DateTime,
type Enum(\'type1\', \'type2\')', 1, 10, 2) LIMIT 1000000;
EXPLAIN 查询：
EXPLAIN PIPELINE graph = 1, compact = 0
WITH (
SELECT count(*)
FROM session_events
) AS total_rows
SELECT
type,
min(timestamp) AS minimum_date,
max(timestamp) AS maximum_date,
(count(*) / total_rows) * 100 AS percentage
FROM session_events
GROUP BY type
FORMAT TSV
digraph
{
rankdir="LR";
{ node [shape = rect]
n0[label="MergeTreeSelect(pool: PrefetchedReadPool, algorithm: Thread)"];
n1[label="MergeTreeSelect(pool: PrefetchedReadPool, algorithm: Thread)"];
n2[label="ExpressionTransform"];
n3[label="ExpressionTransform"];
n4[label="StrictResize"];
n5[label="AggregatingTransform"];
n6[label="AggregatingTransform"];
n7[label="Resize"];
n8[label="ExpressionTransform"];
n9[label="ExpressionTransform"];
}
n0 -> n2;
n1 -> n3;
n2 -> n4;
n3 -> n4;
n4 -> n5;
n4 -> n6;
n5 -> n7;
n6 -> n7;
n7 -> n8;
n7 -> n9;
}
执行器
SELECT、INSERT 还是 INSERT SELECT，所使用的执行器类型也会不同。